Air at the Kostolac station
Kostolac, Serbia
Network: Agency for Environmental Protection · Station code: RS0038A
This year, up to yesterday (October 7)
at least
2 hours
with sulphur dioxide (SO₂) above the EU hourly limit of 350 µg/m³.
Readings are missing for part of the period, so the real number may be higher.
In 2025: 0 hours above the limit, 24 allowed.
Highest hourly value: October 6, 2026, SO₂ 415 µg/m³, 1.2 times the hourly limit.
Daily average for 189 of 280 days · data for 2026 not yet finally verified · Yardstick: EU limits (Directive 2008/50/EC)
Good
Air now · Measured at 23:00
Latest values
Latest value: Wed 23:00
| Pollutant | Value | Level |
|---|---|---|
| SO₂ | 8 µg/m³ | Good |
How the air is changing
Over the last seven days there was more SO₂ in the air than the week before.
- NO₂: too few readings to compare
- SO₂: average 16.6 µg/m³, week before 10.3 µg/m³
Last month there was less SO₂ in the air than the month before.
- NO₂: too few readings to compare
- SO₂: average 9.5 µg/m³, month before 14.6 µg/m³
Show
Nitrogen dioxide NO₂
no measurement
Now
too few readings
Last 24 hours
measured in 0 % of hours
too few readings
Last 7 days
measured in 0 % of hours
too few readings
Last 30 days
measured in 0 % of hours
too few readings
Last 12 months
measured in 23 % of hours · verified
Days in 2024: NO₂, at least one hour above 200 µg/m³
No measured day above the limit. 1 day without any reading from the station.
- above the limit
- below the limit
- too few readings for the day
- no data from the station
Months of 2024
| Month | Days with an hour above 200 | Hours above 200 | Highest day | No readings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | 0 | 0 | 27 | 0 |
| February | 0 | 0 | 33 | 0 |
| March | 0 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
| April | 0 | 0 | 35 | 0 |
| May | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 |
| June | 0 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
| July | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 |
| August | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
| September | 0 | 0 | 38 | 0 |
| October | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
| November | 0 | 0 | 31 | 0 |
| December | 0 | 0 | 34 | 1 |
Values in µg/m³. ■ marks a month with at least one day above the limit; the number allowed applies to the whole year. “No readings”: days on which not a single reading came from the station.
There are no readings for this period.
There are no readings for this period.
Values as a table
| Day | µg/m³ | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Wed, 10/7 | no measurement | |
| Tue, 10/6 | no measurement | |
| Mon, 10/5 | no measurement | |
| Sun, 10/4 | no measurement | |
| Sat, 10/3 | no measurement | |
| Fri, 10/2 | no measurement | |
| Thu, 10/1 | no measurement | |
| Wed, 9/30 | no measurement | |
| Tue, 9/29 | no measurement | |
| Mon, 9/28 | no measurement | |
| Sun, 9/27 | no measurement | |
| Sat, 9/26 | no measurement | |
| Fri, 9/25 | no measurement | |
| Thu, 9/24 | no measurement | |
| Wed, 9/23 | no measurement | |
| Tue, 9/22 | no measurement | |
| Mon, 9/21 | no measurement | |
| Sun, 9/20 | no measurement | |
| Sat, 9/19 | no measurement | |
| Fri, 9/18 | no measurement | |
| Thu, 9/17 | no measurement | |
| Wed, 9/16 | no measurement | |
| Tue, 9/15 | no measurement | |
| Mon, 9/14 | no measurement | |
| Sun, 9/13 | no measurement | |
| Sat, 9/12 | no measurement | |
| Fri, 9/11 | no measurement | |
| Thu, 9/10 | no measurement | |
| Wed, 9/9 | no measurement | |
| Tue, 9/8 | no measurement |
Values as a table
| Month | µg/m³ | a year earlier | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| October 2026 so far | too few readings | 9.8 | year before: same days |
| September 2026 | too few readings | 13 | |
| August 2026 | too few readings | 14.4 | |
| July 2026 | too few readings | 13.6 | |
| June 2026 | too few readings | 13.8 | |
| May 2026 | too few readings | 14 | |
| April 2026 | too few readings | 14.8 | |
| March 2026 | too few readings | 14.9 | 31 days without data from the station |
| February 2026 | too few readings | 13.8 | 28 days without data from the station |
| January 2026 | too few readings | 15.4 | 31 days without data from the station |
| December 2025 | 14.2 | 15 | measured in 99 % of hours · verified |
| November 2025 | 13.1 | 15.8 | measured in 93 % of hours · verified · 1 day without data from the station |
NO₂ by year
Yardstick: EU limits (Directive 2008/50/EC)
| Measure | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hours above 200 µg/m³ (allowed 18) | 0 | 0 | 0² |
| Hours above 400 µg/m³, three hours in a row (alert threshold) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Annual average, µg/m³ (EU limit 40) | 13.9 | 13.2 | 13.3¹ |
| Highest daily average, µg/m³ | 32March 5 | 38September 3 | 40October 13 |
| Highest hourly value, µg/m³ | 83June 23 | 145September 3 | 107October 14 |
| Hours measured | 99 % | 98 % | 87 % |
| Days without any reading from the station | 1 | 1 | 0 |
¹ Fewer than 90 % of the hours were measured, so we do not compare this average with the limit.
² Too few readings to compare with the number allowed: the figure covers only what was measured.
■ and a figure in red: more than is allowed for the whole year.
There is no allowed number for the warning and alert thresholds: every such hour or day is in red.
Compared with the new EU rules and the WHO recommendation
This is not the yardstick for the verdict above, only a comparison. From 2030 the EU tightens its limits (Directive (EU) 2024/2881), and since 2021 the World Health Organization has recommended even lower values.
- EU from 2030: daily 50 µg/m³, 18 days allowed. In 2024 there were 0 such days.
- WHO 2021: daily 25 µg/m³, at most three to four days a year. In 2024 there were 21 such days.
- EU from 2030: annual average 20 µg/m³. Average in 2024: 13 µg/m³.
- WHO 2021: annual average 10 µg/m³. Average in 2024: 13 µg/m³.
Sources: Directive (EU) 2024/2881, Annex I; WHO global air quality guidelines 2021, table 0.1. Checked against the texts on 7 October 2026.
Sulphur dioxide SO₂
8
Nowµg/m³
Measured at 23:00
10.6
Last 24 hoursµg/m³
measured in 92 % of hours · provisional
16.6
Last 7 daysµg/m³
measured in 98 % of hours · provisional
11.3
Last 30 daysµg/m³
measured in 99 % of hours · provisional
too few readings
Last 12 months
measured in 74 % of hours · provisional
Days in 2024: SO₂, daily average above 125 µg/m³
No measured day above the limit. 1 day without any reading from the station.
- above the limit
- below the limit
- too few readings for the day
- no data from the station
Months of 2024
| Month | Days above 125 | Hours above 350 | Highest day | No readings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | 0 | 0 | 31 | 0 |
| February | 0 | 0 | 28 | 0 |
| March | 0 | 1 | 48 | 0 |
| April | 0 | 0 | 74 | 0 |
| May | 0 | 0 | 44 | 0 |
| June | 0 | 3 | 111 | 0 |
| July | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| August | 0 | 2 | 42 | 0 |
| September | 0 | 0 | 44 | 0 |
| October | 0 | 0 | 41 | 0 |
| November | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 |
| December | 0 | 0 | 13 | 1 |
Values in µg/m³. ■ marks a month with at least one day above the limit; the number allowed applies to the whole year. “No readings”: days on which not a single reading came from the station.
Values as a table
| Hour to | µg/m³ | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Wednesday, 10/7 | ||
| 22:00 | 8.6 | |
| 21:00 | 6.8 | |
| 20:00 | 11 | |
| 19:00 | 8.6 | |
| 18:00 | 6.3 | |
| 17:00 | 6.7 | |
| 16:00 | 10.3 | |
| 15:00 | 11 | |
| 14:00 | 8.4 | |
| 13:00 | 9.1 | |
| 12:00 | 9.5 | |
| 11:00 | 9 | |
| 10:00 | 7 | |
| 09:00 | 12.8 | |
| 08:00 | 12 | |
| 07:00 | 10.5 | |
| 06:00 | 12.2 | |
| 05:00 | 11.4 | |
| 04:00 | 11.6 | |
| 03:00 | 15.2 | |
| 02:00 | 15.5 | |
| 01:00 | 19.6 | |
| Tuesday, 10/6 | ||
| 00:00 | 15.9 | |
| 23:00 | 13.6 | |
| 22:00 | 14.8 | |
| 21:00 | 17.4 | |
| 20:00 | 18.6 | |
| 19:00 | 22.7 | |
| 18:00 | 16.5 | |
| 17:00 | 42.9 | |
| 16:00 | 414.5 | above the limit |
| 15:00 | 200.2 | |
| 14:00 | 45.5 | |
| 13:00 | 28.4 | |
| 12:00 | 15.2 | |
| 11:00 | 10.4 | |
| 10:00 | 8.6 | |
| 09:00 | 11.5 | |
| 08:00 | 13.5 | |
| 07:00 | 8.8 | |
| 06:00 | 9.1 | |
| 05:00 | 9.4 | |
| 04:00 | 6.6 | |
| 03:00 | 7.3 | |
| 02:00 | 11 | |
| 01:00 | 10.2 | |
| Monday, 10/5 | ||
| 00:00 | 8.2 | |
| 22:00 | 12.1 | |
| 21:00 | 14.7 | |
| 20:00 | 13.5 | |
| 19:00 | 11.2 | |
| 18:00 | 10.3 | |
| 17:00 | 13.9 | |
| 16:00 | 16.3 | |
| 15:00 | 16.4 | |
| 14:00 | 17.1 | |
| 13:00 | 13.7 | |
| 12:00 | 10.4 | |
| 11:00 | 9.8 | |
| 10:00 | 9.5 | |
| 09:00 | 11.9 | |
| 08:00 | 12.6 | |
| 07:00 | 8.8 | |
| 06:00 | 7.5 | |
| 05:00 | 9.9 | |
| 04:00 | 11.6 | |
| 03:00 | 12.2 | |
| 02:00 | 12.5 | |
| 01:00 | 10.1 | |
| Sunday, 10/4 | ||
| 00:00 | 16.4 | |
| 23:00 | 25.8 | |
| 22:00 | 20.2 | |
| 21:00 | 9.6 | |
| 20:00 | 11.7 | |
| 19:00 | 9.2 | |
| 18:00 | 12.5 | |
| 17:00 | 24.7 | |
| 16:00 | 85.1 | |
| 15:00 | 137.7 | |
| 14:00 | 10.1 | |
| 13:00 | 5 | |
| 12:00 | 6.1 | |
| 11:00 | 4.5 | |
| 10:00 | 7.1 | |
| 09:00 | 8.3 | |
| 08:00 | 7.5 | |
| 07:00 | 4.4 | |
| 06:00 | 6.3 | |
| 05:00 | 8 | |
| 04:00 | 10.2 | |
| 03:00 | 9.6 | |
| 02:00 | 5.4 | |
| 01:00 | 4.7 | |
| Saturday, 10/3 | ||
| 00:00 | 5.4 | |
| 23:00 | 9.2 | |
| 22:00 | 8.1 | |
| 21:00 | 7.7 | |
| 20:00 | 5.5 | |
| 19:00 | 7.4 | |
| 18:00 | 9.3 | |
| 17:00 | 10.2 | |
| 16:00 | 9.7 | |
| 15:00 | 8.2 | |
| 14:00 | 10.8 | |
| 13:00 | 9.9 | |
| 12:00 | 6.7 | |
| 11:00 | 7.5 | |
| 10:00 | 9.7 | |
| 09:00 | 8.6 | |
| 08:00 | 9.6 | |
| 07:00 | 10.3 | |
| 06:00 | 9.5 | |
| 05:00 | 7.2 | |
| 04:00 | 5.2 | |
| 03:00 | 7.2 | |
| 02:00 | 7.7 | |
| 01:00 | 5.7 | |
| Friday, 10/2 | ||
| 00:00 | 8 | |
| 23:00 | 6.9 | |
| 21:00 | 6.7 | |
| 20:00 | 22 | |
| 19:00 | 72.2 | |
| 18:00 | 39.8 | |
| 17:00 | 77.7 | |
| 16:00 | 34.4 | |
| 15:00 | 65.4 | |
| 14:00 | 6.9 | |
| 13:00 | 5.2 | |
| 12:00 | 6.7 | |
| 11:00 | 6 | |
| 10:00 | 8.1 | |
| 09:00 | 10.1 | |
| 08:00 | 10.4 | |
| 07:00 | 5 | |
| 06:00 | 6.5 | |
| 05:00 | 5.1 | |
| 04:00 | 7.3 | |
| 03:00 | 9.4 | |
| 02:00 | 5.4 | |
| 01:00 | 5.1 | |
| Thursday, 10/1 | ||
| 00:00 | 8.1 | |
| 23:00 | 7.4 | |
| 22:00 | 7.5 | |
| 21:00 | 8.1 | |
| 20:00 | 5.8 | |
| 19:00 | 5 | |
| 18:00 | 5.8 | |
| 17:00 | 9.1 | |
| 16:00 | 7.4 | |
| 15:00 | 5.4 | |
| 14:00 | 6 | |
| 13:00 | 7.5 | |
| 12:00 | 5.5 | |
| 11:00 | 6.2 | |
| 10:00 | 7.2 | |
| 09:00 | 5.7 | |
| 08:00 | 7 | |
| 07:00 | 5.2 | |
| 06:00 | 7.5 | |
| 05:00 | 7.5 | |
| 04:00 | 7.3 | |
| 03:00 | 9.6 | |
| 02:00 | 8.4 | |
Values as a table
| Day | µg/m³ | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Wed, 10/7 | 10.6 | provisional |
| Tue, 10/6 | 40.5 | provisional |
| Mon, 10/5 | 11.9 | provisional |
| Sun, 10/4 | 18.8 | provisional |
| Sat, 10/3 | 8.2 | provisional |
| Fri, 10/2 | 18.7 | provisional |
| Thu, 10/1 | 7 | provisional |
| Wed, 9/30 | 7.5 | provisional |
| Tue, 9/29 | 20.6 | provisional |
| Mon, 9/28 | 9.4 | provisional |
| Sun, 9/27 | 7.9 | provisional |
| Sat, 9/26 | 8.4 | provisional |
| Fri, 9/25 | 6.9 | provisional |
| Thu, 9/24 | 11.8 | provisional |
| Wed, 9/23 | 8.2 | provisional |
| Tue, 9/22 | 7.8 | provisional |
| Mon, 9/21 | 8.3 | provisional |
| Sun, 9/20 | 7.7 | provisional |
| Sat, 9/19 | 8.2 | provisional |
| Fri, 9/18 | 8.9 | provisional |
| Thu, 9/17 | 14.2 | provisional |
| Wed, 9/16 | 8.5 | provisional |
| Tue, 9/15 | 17.4 | provisional |
| Mon, 9/14 | 9.1 | provisional |
| Sun, 9/13 | 7.6 | provisional |
| Sat, 9/12 | 7.2 | provisional |
| Fri, 9/11 | 9 | provisional |
| Thu, 9/10 | 9.3 | provisional |
| Wed, 9/9 | 9.9 | provisional |
| Tue, 9/8 | 8.8 | provisional |
Values as a table
| Month | µg/m³ | a year earlier | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| October 2026 so far | 16.6 | 9.3 | measured in 98 % of hours · provisional · year before: same days |
| September 2026 | 9.5 | 8.2 | measured in 99 % of hours · provisional |
| August 2026 | 14.6 | 11.4 | measured in 98 % of hours · provisional |
| July 2026 | 12.4 | 12.2 | measured in 99 % of hours · provisional |
| June 2026 | 8.5 | 8.6 | measured in 98 % of hours · provisional |
| May 2026 | 8.1 | 7 | measured in 99 % of hours · provisional |
| April 2026 | 7.3 | 7.7 | measured in 98 % of hours · provisional |
| March 2026 | too few readings | 9.9 | 31 days without data from the station |
| February 2026 | too few readings | 9.3 | 28 days without data from the station |
| January 2026 | too few readings | 10.8 | 31 days without data from the station |
| December 2025 | 7.5 | 8.8 | measured in 99 % of hours · verified |
| November 2025 | 10.6 | 10.6 | measured in 92 % of hours · verified · 1 day without data from the station |
SO₂ by year
Yardstick: EU limits (Directive 2008/50/EC)
| Measure | 2026* | 2025 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Days above 125 µg/m³ (allowed 3) | 0² | 0 | 0 |
| Hours above 350 µg/m³ (allowed 24) | ≥ 2² | 0 | 6 |
| Hours above 500 µg/m³, three hours in a row (alert threshold) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Annual average, µg/m³ | too few | 9.5 | 10.9 |
| Highest daily average, µg/m³ | 46July 17 | 27July 3 | 111June 15 |
| Highest hourly value, µg/m³ | 415October 6 | 167August 20 | 634June 15 |
| Hours measured | 67 % | 98 % | 98 % |
| Days without any reading from the station | 90 | 1 | 1 |
* 2026 up to October 7; the average since the start of the year is not yet an annual average.
The monitoring networks have not yet finally verified this year’s data. The EEA publishes verified values once a year.
≥ means at least: more than a tenth of the days or hours are missing, so the real number may be higher.
² Too few readings to compare with the number allowed: the figure covers only what was measured.
■ and a figure in red: more than is allowed for the whole year.
There is no allowed number for the warning and alert thresholds: every such hour or day is in red.
The column for 2023 is shown on wider screens.
Compared with the new EU rules and the WHO recommendation
This is not the yardstick for the verdict above, only a comparison. From 2030 the EU tightens its limits (Directive (EU) 2024/2881), and since 2021 the World Health Organization has recommended even lower values.
- EU from 2030: daily 50 µg/m³, 18 days allowed. In 2024 there were 3 such days.
- WHO 2021: daily 40 µg/m³, at most three to four days a year. In 2024 there were 8 such days.
- EU from 2030: annual average 20 µg/m³. Average in 2024: 11 µg/m³.
Sources: Directive (EU) 2024/2881, Annex I; WHO global air quality guidelines 2021, table 0.1. Checked against the texts on 7 October 2026.
Outages in the last 12 months
Every period of at least 24 hours in which no reading arrived from this station.
Days without a reading: 92
2 outages, 2,208 hours in total in the last 12 months.
Timeline of outages from October 8, 2025 to today
| From | To | Duration |
|---|---|---|
| Jan 1, 2026 00:00 | Apr 1, 2026 01:00 | 90 days |
| Nov 19, 2025 12:00 | Nov 21, 2025 12:00 | 2 days |
Calculated from the hourly values the EEA publishes. If late values arrive afterwards, an outage gets shorter or disappears.
Where the data comes from
Measured by Agency for Environmental Protection. We take the values from the European Environment Agency (EEA) under the CC BY 4.0 licence.
Values marked provisional have not been fully checked by the network yet. The EEA publishes verified data for the previous year once a year, usually by the end of September.
An hourly value is the average of one hour. We show the end of the hour: the value to 18:00 was measured from 17:00 to 18:00.
A day runs from midnight to midnight local time.
We only show an average when at least three out of four hours in the period have a reading. The EU air quality directive requires this for daily averages, and we apply the same rule to longer periods. We compare an annual average with the EU limit only once 90 % of hours are measured, as the directive requires. For 12 months and for a year we ask for more: if less than 90 % of hours are measured, every full calendar month needs readings for at least half of its hours. Otherwise a whole season could be missing from the average, such as summer, when ozone is highest.
We do not call a difference of up to 10 % a change, nor one of up to 1 µg/m³ at low levels, because weather and measurement uncertainty alone cause differences that size.
When a station sends no reading, the EEA sometimes fills the hour with a model estimate. We draw those hours dashed and leave them out of every average.
The EU limits come from Directive 2008/50/EC. Here they serve as a yardstick for comparison. When more than a tenth of the days or hours are missing, the number of exceedances can only be higher, so we write “at least” in front of it.
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